Effect of High-Intensity Interval, Moderate-Intensity Continuous, and Self-Selected Intensity Training on Health and Affective Responses.

Purpose: To compare the effects of 12-week high-intensity interval (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous (MICT), and self-selected intensity training (SSIT) on health outcomes and affective responses. Methods: Seventy-three overweight/obese inactive adults (62% woman; age, 31.4 ± 7.2 years; height, 1.66 ± 0.09 cm; Body mass index, 28.9 ± 2.7 kg.m-2) who were randomized into HIIT (n = 23), MICT (n = 24) and SSIT (n = 26) groups. The training was conducted three times per week in an outdoor environment, with 4 weeks under direct supervision and 8 weeks with semi-supervision. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and metabolic profile were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the 4th and 12th weeks. Core affect was measured during all training sessions. Results: Peak oxygen uptake improved in all groups after 4 and 12 weeks compared with baseline. Only the SSIT had reductions in body fat throughout the intervention. No improvements were observed in the metabolic profile across all groups. SSIT was perceived as more pleasurable than HIIT; however, there were no differences in affective responses between SSIT and MICT. Affective responses in-task (e.g. negative and positive peak, rate of change and affect at the end of the exercise session) predicted the HIIT and SSIT exercises attendance rate. Conclusion: Regardless of the exercise training protocol, overweight/obese inactive adults improved health outcomes, which suggests the prescribing HIIT, MICT, and SSIT in outdoor environments. SSIT should be considered in order to optimize the pleasure during training sessions. Affective response more positive in-task of the HIIT and SSIT is associated with greater attendance rate in these exercise protocols.

Carbohydrate mouth rinse improves performance of mentally fatigued cyclists despite null effects on psychological responses.

Mental fatigue reduces exercise performance through an impaired psychological response such as increased perceived exertion. Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinses improve exercise performance and perceived exertion likely due to an improved activation in cerebral reward areas, then we investigated if the CHO mouth rinse-improved exercise performance in mentally fatigued individuals was associated with ameliorated reward-related psychological responses. We hypothesised that CHO mouth rinse would be beneficial for mentally fatigued cyclists mainly in high-metabolic disturbance intensities. After familiarization and baseline sessions, well trained cyclists (n = 20) performed a maximal incremental test (MIT) after mental fatigue induction. They completed the MIT either without mouth rinse (MF) or rinsing their mouth with CHO (MF+CHO) or placebo (FM+PLA) solutions at every 25 % of the MIT. Psychological responses such as ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), affective valence, emotional arousal, and motivation were assessed throughout the MIT, while performance was assessed as peak power output and time of exercise. Mental fatigue reduced MIT performance (P < 0.05), but CHO mouth rinse was effective to counteract this deleterious mental fatigue effect (P < 0.05). However, we found null effects of CHO mouth rinses in psychological responses above the VT2 (P > 0.05) such as RPE, affective valence, emotional arousal, and motivation. Correlational analysis showed a significant, but moderate negative correlation between motivation and time of exercise above the VT2 when participants used CHO mouth rinse. In conclusion, the ergogenic CHO mouth rinse effects on MIT performance of mentally fatigued cyclists were irrespective of ameliorated psychological responses to exercise.

Is There a Dose-Response Relationship between High-Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) Intensity and Affective Valence? Analysis of Three HIIE Sessions Performed with Different Amplitudes.

The inverse relationship between exercise intensity and affective valence is well established for continuous exercise but not for high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). The objective was to verify the dose-response relationship between exercise intensity and affective valence in HIIE sessions. Eleven young men underwent a vigorous-intensity continuous exercise (VICE) and three HIIE sessions at the same average intensity (70% of peak power-WPeak) and duration (20 min) but with different amplitudes: 10 × [1 min at 90% WPeak/1 min at 50% WPeak]-HIIE-90/50; 10 × [1 min at 100% WPeak/1 min at 40% WPeak]-HIIE-100/40; 10 × [1 min at 110% WPeak/1 min at 30% WPeak]-HIIE-110/30. During the exercise sessions, psychophysiological variables were recorded (VO2, VCO2, heart rate, perceived exertion CR10, and Feeling Scale (FS)). Higher correlations were found between CR10 and FS for all conditions (VICE = -0.987; HIIE-90/50 = -0.873; HIIE-100/40 = -0.908; HIIE-110/30 = -0.948). Regarding the physiological variables, the %HRMax presented moderate inverse correlations with FS for all exercise conditions (VICE = -0.867; HIIE-90/50 = -0.818; HIIE-100/40 = -0.837; HIIE-110/30 = -0.828) while the respiratory variables (%VO2Peak and %VCO2Peak) presented low-to-moderate correlations only for VICE, HIIE-90/50, and HIIE-100/40 (ranging from -0.523 to -0.805). Poor correlations were observed between the %VO2Peak (r = -0.293) and %VCO2Peak (r = -0.020) with FS. The results indicated that perceived exertion is more sensible than physiological variables to explain the intensity-affective valence relationship in HIIE sessions. RPE should be used for HIIE prescription with a focus on affect.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With or Without Caffeine: Effects on Training Volume and Pain Perception.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of tDCS combined with caffeine intake on training volume and pain perception in the bench press in resistance-trained males. The correlation between training volume and pain perception was also assessed in all interventions. Methods: Sixteen healthy males (age = 25.2 ± 4.7 years, body mass = 82.8 ± 9.1 kg, and height = 178.3 ± 5.7 cm), advanced in RT, were randomized and counterbalanced for the following experimental conditions: Sham tDCS with placebo intake (Sham+Pla), Sham tDCS with caffeine intake (Sham+Caff), anodal tDCS with placebo intake (a-tDCS+Pla), and anodal tDCS with caffeine intake (a-tDCS+Caff). The caffeine or placebo ingestion (both with 5 mg.kg-1) occurred 40 minutes before the tDCS sessions. The tDCS was applied over the left DLPFC for 20 minutes, with a 2 mA current intensity. After the tDCS sessions, participants performed the bench press with an 80% of 1RM load, where training volume and pain perception were measured. Results: Training volume was higher in the 1st and 2nd sets in both a-tDCS+Caff and Sham+Caff conditions, compared to the Sham+Pla condition (P < .05). Both a-tDCS+Caff and a-tDCS+Pla showed an increased pain perception during the third set compared to the first set. Also, no correlation was found between the number of repetitions and pain perception in any condition (P > .05). Conclusion: This research revealed that caffeine intake alone could be used as an ergogenic aid during resistance training programs in resistance-trained males.

Do executive function performance, gaze behavior, and pupil size change during incremental acute physical exercise?

Several studies have investigated the interaction between acute physical exercise and cognitive performance. However, few studies have investigated this issue during acute high-intensity exercise. In the present study, we evaluated executive functions (EFs) during incremental exercise in three different intensities [below lactate threshold (LT), at LT, and above LT], measuring EFs performance, gaze behavior, and pupil diameter. Twenty subjects were familiarized with the EFs test and participated in a graded maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer on the first visit. On the second visit, they performed the EFs task at rest and while exercising at three different intensities using mobile eye-tracking glasses. Our results showed that the psychophysiological measures differed between the conditions. Regarding EFs performance, during exercise above LT, the subjects showed worse accuracy when compared with rest (p < .001) and below LT (p < .001). In addition, the response time (RT) at LT and above LT was shorter than in the rest condition (p < .050). Further, RT was faster (p = .002) in the above LT than in the below LT condition. In addition, the gaze behavior measures indicated that exercise, independently of the intensity, improves the number of fixations with shorter fixation durations compared to the rest condition (p < .050). Additionally, we found no significant differences in average and peak pupil diameter between conditions. In conclusion, exercise at LT improves the EFs performance while exercising above LT worsens EFs performance. However, there were no significant differences in average and peak pupil diameter between conditions.

Reliability of the Heartbeat Tracking Task to Assess Interoception.

Interoception refers to the competence in perceiving and interpreting internal sensations emerging from the body. The most common approach to assess interoception is through cardiac interoceptive tests like the heartbeat tracking task (HTT), which measures the accuracy on perceive and counting heartbeats during a period. However, the literature is scarce in providing adequate reliability evidence for this measure so that the interoception assessment may be threaten. In addition to HTT accuracy, it is possible to determine sensibility (self-reported confidence) and interoceptive awareness (correspondence between accuracy and sensibility). Thus, we measured the test-retest reliability of HTT and also investigated the behavior of HTT outcomes along the task. Therefore, 31 healthy adults (16 males) with 27.8 (9.4) years old performed two consecutive HTT interspersed by one day. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable difference (MD) analyzes showed 'Good' relative reliability for interoceptive accuracy (ICC = 0.880; SEM = 0.263; MD = 0.728; p < 0.001) and 'Moderate' for sensibility (ICC = 0.617; SEM = 0.648; MD = 1.797; p < 0.001) and awareness (ICC = 0.593; SEM = 0.227; MD = 0.628; p < 0.001). The absolute reliability shows low threshold values for observing true effects in HTT outcomes. The results also showed that reducing the number of HTT blocks did not impact the outcomes. The HTT showed to be reliable in determine the interoceptive competences in healthy adults.

Cytokines and Immune Cells Profile in Different Tissues of Rodents Induced by Environmental Enrichment: Systematic Review.

Environmental Enrichment (EE) is based on the promotion of socio-environmental stimuli, which mimic favorable environmental conditions for the practice of physical activity and health. The objective of the present systematic review was to evaluate the influence of EE on pro-and anti-inflammatory immune parameters, but also in cell activation related to the innate and acquired immune responses in the brain and peripheral tissues in rodents. Three databases [PubMed (2209 articles), Scopus (1154 articles), and Science Direct (1040 articles)] were researched. After applying the eligibility criteria, articles were selected for peer review, independently, as they were identified by September 2021. The protocol for this systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO. Of the 4417 articles found, 16 were selected for this systematic review. In the brain, EE promoted a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In the blood, EE promoted a higher percentage of leukocytes, an increase in CD19+ B lymphocytes, and the proliferation of Natura Killer (NK cells). In the bone marrow, there was an increase in the number of CD27- and CD11b+ mature NK cells and a reduction in CD27- and CD11b+ immature Natural Killer cells. In conclusion, EE can be an immune modulation approach and plays a key role in the prevention of numerous chronic diseases, including cancer, that have a pro-inflammatory response and immunosuppressive condition as part of their pathophysiology.

Undernutrition during development modulates endoplasmic reticulum stress genes in the hippocampus of juvenile rats: Involvement of oxidative stress.

To evaluate whether exercise training mitigates the deleterious effects of undernutrition during the developmental period in juvenile Wistar rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed with a diet containing 17 % or 8 % casein during pregnancy and lactation. At 30 days of life, male offspring were divided into 4 groups: Low-Protein non-trained (LS), Low-Protein Trained (LT), Normoprotein non-trained (NS), and Normoprotein Trained (NT). Trained rats performed aerobic exercise training (AET) for 4 weeks, 5 days a week, 1 h a day. 24 h from the last day of training, the animals were sacrificed. The tissues were removed to analyze indicators of mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative stress, and gene expression of GRP78, PERK, ATF6 ER stress markers, and BDNF. The results showed that undernutrition during development promotes deleterious effects on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and induces reticulum stress in the hippocampus of juvenile rats. On the other hand, AET improves mitochondrial function and increases enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, as well as declines ER stress. AET at moderate intensity for 4 weeks in male juvenile Wistar rats acts as a lifestyle intervention opposing the negative effects induced by a protein-restricted maternal diet.

Correlation between economy/efficiency and mountain biking cross-country race performance.

This study investigated the correlation between cycling economy (CE) and gross efficiency (GE) in Olympic cross-country mountain biking (XCO-MTB) race performance. Also was examined the correlation between CE, GE, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Sixteen male XCO-MTB athletes (30.9 ± 5.2 years, 68.7 ± 5.6 kg, 175.0 ± 5.7 cm, and VO2peak: 65.4 ± 4.9 mL·kg-1 min-1) completed two experimental sessions. On the first, anthropometric assessments and a maximal incremental test were performed. The maximal incremental test was performed in the cycle ergometer to determine VO2peak, CE, and GE. A week later, an XCO-MTB race was performed in the second visit, where the official race time was used as a performance indicator. An inverse, significant moderate correlation was found between race time (8318.3 ± 459.0 s) and both CE (r = -0.53; CI95% = -0.84 to -0.10; p = 0.0008), and GE (r = -0.67; CI95% = -0.89 to -0.22; p = 0.0001). However, the moderate correlation between CE and race time showed low power. No significant correlation was found between VO2peak and either CE (r = -0.45; CI95% = -0.77-0.06; p = 0.08) or GE (r = -0.47; CI95% = -0.78-0.04; p = 0.07). In conclusion, gross efficiency is an important component of XCO-MTB race performance. The VO2peak was not related to CE and GE. The evaluation of GE may be a useful addition to the battery of physiological tests in mountain bikers.Highlights The gross efficiency can be a performance indicator related to the Olympic cross-country mountain biking race;The cycling economy has a moderate association with race time, but its use as a measure related to Olympic cross-country mountain biking race performance should be carried out with caution;Despite VO2peak's influence on both cycling economy and gross efficiency measures, our results do not show a relationship with Olympic cross-country mountain biking athletes.

Effects of Self-Selected Passive Recovery Time in Interval Exercise on Perceptual and Heart Rate Responses in Older Women: A Promissory Approach.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of passive recovery with self-selected time on affect, ratings of perceived exertion, and heart rate in self-selected interval exercises (SSIE). Fifteen older women (68.1 ± 3.8 years), weekly practitioners of functional activities participated in three SSIE with self-selected recovery time (SSRT) and one self-selected continuous exercise session, all at 24 min approximately. The SSIE had the following configurations: 1'/SSRT, 1.5'/SSRT, and 2'/SSRT. The results showed that at the beginning of stimulus heart rate in 1.5'/SSRT (107.9 ± 16.5) and 2'/SSRT (114.6 ± 17.1) were significantly greater (p < .05) compared with self-selected continuous exercise (102.8 ± 14.5). The ratings of perceived exertion in self-selected continuous exercise (2.4 ± 0.4; p < .05) were higher compared with SSIE in recovery. No significant differences were found in affect. The SSIE provided similar responses based on recoveries manipulations.

Acute affective responses to high-intensity interval exercise: Implications on the use of different stimulus-recovery amplitudes.

The effect of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on affective responses is unclear due to the several variables of HIIE, which may be minimized by using derived variables (e.g. amplitude). The amplitude reflects the difference between stimulus and recovery intensities, being more representative of the physiological changes than central tendency variables such as average intensity. This study aimed to compare the affective responses in HIIE sessions in different amplitudes with a vigorous-intensity continuous exercise (VICE) session. Eleven participants completed five sessions. The peak oxygen consumption (VO2Peak) and peak power (Wpeak) were measured. Participants performed one VICE and three HIIE sessions (10x[1min-90%WPeak/1min-50%WPeak]; 10x[1min-100%WPeak/1min-40%WPeak]; and 10x[1min-110%WPeak/1min-40%WPeak]). The exercise sessions were performed at the same average intensity (70%WPeak) and duration (20 min). The Feeling Scale (FS) was applied in each minute throughout the exercise sessions. Regarding the FS responses, a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed no significant interaction for FS (P=0.093) or main effect for condition (P=0.206) and time (P=0.078), indicating that irrespective of the amplitude of the HIIE, FS results were similar between conditions. The effect size (ES) analysis showed a small effect in favour of HIIE-90/50 (ES=0.30) and HIIE-100/40 (ES=0.26) and a null effect on HIIE-110/30 (ES=0.08) when compared to VICE. Chi-squared analysis showed no significant differences between conditions in the number of participants that reduced, maintained, or increased the FS from pre-exercise to last stimulus and recovery indicating a high variability of the affective responses. HIIE sessions provide similar affective responses when performed at the same average intensity, even with different amplitudes.Highlights HIIE amplitude reflects the difference between stimulus and recovery intensities and seems not to modulate the affective responses to HIIE sessions configured with different amplitudes.HIIE sessions performed at the same average intensity and different amplitudes result in similar affective responses.High inter-individual variability of affective responses occurs in HIIE sessions configured based on the amplitude.

Comparison of affective responses during school physical education classes with different recovery times / Comparação das respostas afetivas durante aulas de educação física escolar com diferentes tempos de recuperação

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the effect of exercise recovery time on the affective responses during a circuit training in physical education classes. Forty-six apparently healthy young adolescents (twenty-one girls) (12.85 ± 0.94 years; 49.7 ± 8.93 kg; 1.59 ± 0.08 cm; 19.51 ± 3.28 kg/m2) participated in this study. Were submitted participants for two physical education classes, based on circuited model of the same intensity, but with different recovery times (2 min and 1 min). The study was carried out in two phases: baseline and intervention. Affect, Arousal, and Ratings of Perceived Exertion data were analyzed using paired t-tests, considering a significance level of p < 0.05. The class with longer rest time (2 min) provided greater affection (t(45) = 3.586; p < 0,001) and less perceived effort (t(45) = 2.295; p = 0,026). The intensity manipulation strategy was effective in providing different affective responses, in which classes perceived as more intense, resulting in the decline of affect.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito do tempo de recuperação do exercício nas respostas afetivas durante um treinamento em circuito nas aulas de educação física. Quarenta e seis jovens adolescentes aparentemente saudáveis (vinte e uma meninas), com (12.85 ± 0.94 anos; 49.7 ± 8.93 kg; 1.59 ± 0.08 cm; 19.51 ± 3.28 kg/m2), participaram do estudo. Os participantes foram submetidos a duas aulas de educação física escolar, baseados em modelo de circuitos de mesma intensidade, porém com tempos de recuperação diferentes (2 min e 1 min). O estudo foi realizado em duas fases: base e intervenção. Os dados de Afeto, Ativação e Percepção Subjetiva do Esforço, foram analisados através de testes t pareados, considerando um nível de significância de p < 0,05. A aula com maior tempo de descanso (2 min) proporcionou maior afeto (t(45) = 3.586; p < 0,001) e menor esforço percebido (t(45) = 2.295; p = 0,026). A estratégia de manipulação da intensidade foi efetiva para proporcionar respostas afetivas diferentes, em que a aula percebida como mais intensa resultou no declínio do afeto.

Proof-of-Concept and Test-Retest Reliability Study of Psychological and Physiological Variables of the Mental Fatigue Paradigm.

This study provided a proof-of-concept and test-retest reliability of measures frequently used to assess a mental fatigue paradigm. After familiarization, 28 healthy men performed (40-min) the Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) test in a test-retest design, having mental fatigue sensation, motivation, emotional arousal, total mood disturbance, and electroencephalography (EEG) in the prefrontal cortex measured before and after the test. EEG was recorded during a 3-min rest so that the power spectral density of theta (3-7 Hz) and alpha (8-13 Hz) bands was calculated. Pre-to-post RVP test changes in psychological and physiological domains were compared (paired-T tests), and absolute (standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal difference (MD)) and relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)) were calculated. The RVP test induced an increase (p < 0.05) in mental fatigue sensation (120.9% (109.4; 132.4)) and total mood disturbance (3.5% (-6.3; 13.3)), and a decrease in motivation (-7.1% (-9.2; -5.1)) and emotional arousal (-16.2% (-19.1; -13.2)). Likewise, EEG theta (59.1% (33.2; 85.0); p < 0.05), but not alpha band, increased due to RVP test. All psychophysiological responses showed poor-to-moderate relative reliability. Changes in mental fatigue sensation and motivation were higher than SEM and MD, but changes in EEG theta band were higher only than SEM. Mental fatigue sensation, motivation, and EEG theta band were sensitive to distinguish a mental fatigue paradigm despite true mental fatigue effects on theta activity may be trivial.

The Relevance of a Physical Active Lifestyle and Physical Fitness on Immune Defense: Mitigating Disease Burden, With Focus on COVID-19 Consequences.

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a fast spreading virus leading to the development of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Severe and critical cases are characterized by damage to the respiratory system, endothelial inflammation, and multiple organ failure triggered by an excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, culminating in the high number of deaths all over the world. Sedentarism induces worse, continuous, and progressive consequences to health. On the other hand, physical activity provides benefits to health and improves low-grade systemic inflammation. The aim of this review is to elucidate the effects of physical activity in physical fitness, immune defense, and its contribution to mitigate the severe inflammatory response mediated by SARS-CoV-2. Physical exercise is an effective therapeutic strategy to mitigate the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this sense, studies have shown that acute physical exercise induces the production of myokines that are secreted in tissues and into the bloodstream, supporting its systemic modulatory effect. Therefore, maintaining physical activity influence balance the immune system and increases immune vigilance, and also might promote potent effects against the consequences of infectious diseases and chronic diseases associated with the development of severe forms of COVID-19. Protocols to maintain exercise practice are suggested and have been strongly established, such as home-based exercise (HBE) and outdoor-based exercise (OBE). In this regard, HBE might help to reduce levels of physical inactivity, bed rest, and sitting time, impacting on adherence to physical activity, promoting all the benefits related to exercise, and attracting patients in different stages of treatment for COVID-19. In parallel, OBE must improve health, but also prevent and mitigate COVID-19 severe outcomes in all populations. In conclusion, HBE or OBE models can be a potent strategy to mitigate the progress of infection, and a coadjutant therapy for COVID-19 at all ages and different chronic conditions.

Reliability of the high-speed camera-based system (hsc-kinovea) for lower-limb explosive strength endurance assessment in athletes / Confiabilidade do sistema de câmera de alta velocidade (cav-kinovea) para avaliação da resistência de força explosiva de membros inferiores em atletas

ABSTRACT The present study verified the reliability of the high-speed camera-based system (HSC-Kinovea) in the lower-limb explosive strength endurance assessment in athletes. Eleven male volleyball players (21.8 ± 2.9 years; 186.3 ± 6.2 cm and 82.3 ± 11.0 kg) participated in the intermittent vertical jumping test in two days. The test was filmed and later analyzed using Kinovea 0.8.15 software to obtain the mean and peak power variables. Regarding reliability, the intra-class correlation coefficient, the typical error of measurements, and Bland-Altman plots were used. The method presented satisfactory values for inter and intra-class correlations (˃ 0.88). The typical values error of measurement presented in the inter-rater analysis was 0.95 W.kg-1 and 0.59 W.kg-1 for the peak and the mean power, respectively. In the intra-assessment analyses, the typical measurement error values were 7.02 W.kg-1 and 5.66 W.kg-1 (test-retest) and 1.59 W.kg-1 and 0.24 W.kg-1 (duplicates videos) for peak and average power, respectively. The HSC-Kinovea system is reliable for assessing the variables of the explosive strength endurance in athletes.

RESUMO O presente estudo verificou a confiabilidade do sistema baseado em câmeras de alta velocidade (CAV-Kinovea) na avaliação da resistência de força explosiva de membros inferiores em atletas. Onze atletas masculinos de voleibol (21.8 ± 2.9 anos de idade; 186.3 ± 6.2 cm and 82.3 ± 11.0 kg) participaram do teste de saltos verticais de contexto intermitente em dois dias. O teste foi filmado e posteriormente analisado no software Kinovea 0.8.15 para obter as variáveis ​​de potência pico e média. Para determinar a confiabilidade, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, o erro típico de medidas e os gráficos de Bland-Altman. O método apresentou valores satisfatórios para as correlações inter e intra-classe (˃0,88). Os valores do erro típico de medida apresentados na análise interavaliadores foram 0,95 W.kg-1 e 0,59 W.kg-1 para potência pico e média, respectivamente. Nas análises intra-avaliação, os valores do erro típico de medida foram 7,02 W.kg-1 e 5,66 W.kg-1 (teste-reteste) e 1,59 W.kg-1 e 0,24 W.kg-1 (duplicados de vídeos ) para potência pico e média, respectivamente. O sistema CAV-Kinovea é confiável para avaliar as variáveis da resistência de força explosiva em atletas.

Performance funcional, composição corporal e medo de cair em idosas com desmineralização óssea caidoras e não caidoras. Existem diferenças? / Functional performance, body composition and fear of falling in fallers and non-fallers elderly women with bone demineralization. Are there differences?

Objetivou-se comparar performance funcional, composição corporal e medo de cair em idosas com desmineralização óssea caidoras e não caidoras. Estudo transversal, analítico com 19 idosas com baixa da densidade mineral óssea (DMO), sete apresentaram osteoporose e 12 tinham osteopenia. IMC=28,9 ± 4,3kg.m-2 , idade média de 70 ± 5 anos. As idosas foram alocadas em grupos quanto à queda: Caidoras (n=9) e Não Caidoras (n=10). A avaliação da performance funcional englobou: 1) Capacidade Funcional com a bateria Senior Fitness Test (SFT); 2) Variáveis da marcha captadas com o sensor inercial Wivar® Science durante o Teste de Caminhada de 10 metros (TC10M). Composição corporal: DMO, gordura e massa magra foram analisadas através da Absortometria Radiológica de Dupla Energia (DEXA). Verificou-se o medo de cair com a Falls Efficacy Scale - Internacional ­ Brasil. Testou-se a comparação entre médias com teste t de Student e U de Mann Whitney. Quanto ao medo de cair, o escore total atingiu 28±11 pontos. Não houve diferença estatística entre as médias dos testes de capacidade funcional e marcha, exceto a simetria da marcha (p=0,017). Os grupos alcançaram resultados semelhantes de performance funcional, marcha e medo de cair. O estímulo e manutenção da função devem ser feitos como caráter preventivo no público em questão independente do evento queda ter ocorrido. A simetria da marcha pode ser uma variável complementar na avaliação de quedas em idosas com osteopenia e osteoporose.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare functional performance, body composition and fear of falling in fallers and non-fallers elderly women with bone demineralization. This is a cross-sectional, analytical study with 19 elderly women with low bone mineral density (BMD), seven had osteoporosis and 12 had osteopenia. BMI = 28.9 ± 4.3 kg.m-2 , mean age 70 ± 5 years. The elderly were allocated by fall reported event in groups: Fallers (n = 9) and Non-fallers (n = 10). Functional performance included: 1) Functional Capacity mesuared by Senior Fitness Test (SFT) battery; 2) Walking variables captured by the inertial sensor Wivar® Science during the 10-meter Walk Test (TC10M). Body composition: BMD, fat and lean mass were mesuared by Dual Energy Radiological Absortometry (DEXA). There fear of falling was acessed by Falls Efficacy Scale - International - Brazil. The comparison between means was made with Student's t test and Mann Whitney U test. As results, the total score for fear of falling reached 28 ± 11 points. There was no statistically significant difference between the means of functional capacity and gait tests. Only gait symmetry differed between groups (p = 0.017). Both groups achieved similar results of functional performance, gait and fear of falling. The stimulus and maintenance of the function must be done as a preventive character in the public in question regardless of the event that occurred. The gait symmetry may be a complementary variable to evaluate falls in elderly women with osteopenia and osteoporosis.(AU)

Inertial sensor and Timed Up and Go test in elderly women with bone demineralization: a reliability and agreement study / Sensor inercial e Timed Up and Go em idosas com desmineralização óssea: estudo de confiabilidade e concordância

The study aims to assess: 1) reliability test-retest and error measures of quantitative variables of Timed Up and Go (TUG) testing collected with the inertial sensor wireless Wiva® Science (TUGis), and 2) the agreement of TUGis and the timed method (TUGs) and between the two methods applied to elderly women with osteoporosis and osteopenia. Eighteen elderly women with bone demineralization were enrolled in this study. The time (s) for two executions of the TUG (T1 and T2) was measured with a manual stopwatch by an evaluator and with the inertial sensor at-tached to the body at the level of the L5 vertebra with remote collection. T1 and T2 were performed with an interval of 1 min. TUG's subtasks were also captured by the inertial sensor. The reliability test-retest and error variables were assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEm) and minimal detectable change (MDC). The agreement between the averages from the total time of the TUGs and TUGis and between T1 and T2 measured with the sensor and stopwatch were evaluated by the Bland-Altman method. The consistency inside of the subtasks TUGis ranged from substantial to almost complete. The SEm and MDC for TUGis were 1.27s and 2.48s, respectively. The agreement between sensor and stopwatch measurements showed low systematic error. The inertial sensor was reliable in verifying the performance of the TUG and can be a complement for assessing the risk of falls and functional mobility of elderly women with bone demineralization. However, it does not represent an improvement in the exclusive investigation of the total test time

O estudo visa avaliar: 1) confiabilidade teste-reteste e medidas de erro das variáveis quantitativas do teste Timed Up and Go (TUG) coletadas com o sensor inercial wireless Wiva® Science (TUGsi) e, 2) a concordância do TUGsi e o método cronometrado (TUGc) e entre os dois métodos aplicados em idosas com osteoporose e osteopenia. Foram recrutadas 18 idosas com desmineralização óssea. O tempo (s) de duas execuções do TUG (T1 e T2) foi mensurado com cronômetro manual por um avaliador e com o sensor inercial acoplado ao corpo em nível da vértebra L5 com coleta remota. T1 e T2 foram executadas com intervalo de 1 min. As subtarefas do TUG também foram captadas pelo sensor inercial. A confiabilidade teste-reteste e erro das variáveis foram avaliados pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI), erro padrão de medida (EPM) e mínima mudança detectável (MMD). A concordância entre as médias do tempo total do TUGc e TUCsi e entre T1 e T2 mensuradas com o sensor e cronômetro foram avaliadas pelo método Bland-Altman. A consistência interna das subtarefas do TUGsi variaram entre substancial a quase completa. O EPM e a MMD para o TUGsi foram de 1,27s e 2,48s, respectivamente. A concordância entre medidas do sensor e cronômetro apresentaram baixo erro sistemático. O sensor inercial foi confiável na verificação do desempenho do TUG e pode ser um complemento para avaliação de risco de quedas e mobilidade funcional de idosas com desmineralização óssea. Porém, não representa melhoria na investigação exclusiva do tempo total do teste

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Mitigates Mental Fatigue Effects on Maximal Incremental Test Performance, but Not in Cortical Alterations.

Detrimental mental fatigue effects on exercise performance have been documented in constant workload and time trial exercises, but effects on a maximal incremental test (MIT) remain poorly investigated. Mental fatigue-reduced exercise performance is related to an increased effort sensation, likely due to a reduced prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and inhibited spontaneous behavior. Interestingly, only a few studies verified if centrally active compounds may mitigate such effects. For example, carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse potentiates exercise performance and reduces effort sensation, likely through its effects on PFC activation. However, it is unknown if this centrally mediated effect of CHO mouth rinse may mitigate mental fatigue-reduced exercise performance. After a proof-of-principle study, showing a mental fatigue-reduced MIT performance, we observed that CHO mouth rinse mitigated MIT performance reductions in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of PFC alterations. When compared to placebo, mentally fatigued cyclists improved MIT performance by 2.24-2.33% when rinsing their mouth with CHO during MIT. However, PFC and motor cortex activation during MIT in both CHO and placebo mouth rinses were greater than in mental fatigue. Results showed that CHO mouth rinse mitigated the mental fatigue-reduced MIT performance, but challenged the role of CHO mouth rinse on PFC and motor cortex activation.

Association between body composition and fat infiltration in the lumbar multifidus in young adults / Associação entre a composição corporal e a infiltração de gordura nos multífidos lombares em adultos jovens / Asociación entre la composición corporal y la infiltración de grasa en los multífidos lumbares en adultos jóvenes

ABSTRACT Introduction: The increase in body fat is a natural and progressive process with aging, allowing fat infiltration in ectopic sites, such as skeletal muscle, which disrupts its function. Objective: To evaluate the association between body composition, fat infiltration into the low back multifidus muscles, and history of low back pain. Methods: This is a transversal and qualitative study that included young adult subjects of both sexes, and excluded individuals with neurological and musculoskeletal disorders and pregnant women. Fat infiltration into the multifidus and cross section area by magnetic resonance imaging; body composition by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and physical activity level determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were evaluated. The sample was divided by sex and. Pearson and Spearman's correlation and stepwise linear regression were performed. For this study, a p<0.05, a level of significance of 5% and confidence interval of 95% were adopted. Results: Thirty-two individuals were evaluated (59.37% women; 40.63% men). There was a correlation between fat percentage and total cross-sectional area (CSAtotal) (r=0.525; p=0.021), in women, and with lean abdominal mass (r= −0.648; p=0.017) and Body Mass Index (BMI) (r= −0.644; p=0.018) in men. There was also an association, in women, between fat percentage and cross section area (R2=0.275; p=0.021; CI=0.364 − 3.925) and, in men, with lean abdominal mass (R2=0.420; p=0.017; CI: −9.981- [-1.235]). Conclusion: There was correlation between fat percentage in the multifidus and CSA in women, and lean abdominal mass and BMI in men. There was also an association between fat percentage and cross section area in women, and lean abdominal mass in men. However, there was no evidence of any correlation between pain and low back dysfunction. Level of evidence I; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.

RESUMO Introdução: O aumento da gordura corporal é um processo natural e progressivo com a idade, propiciando a infiltração de gordura em locais ectópicos, como por exemplo, na musculatura esquelética, o que prejudica sua função. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a composição corporal e a infiltração de gordura nos músculos multífidos lombares e o histórico de dores lombares. Métodos: Estudo transversal e quantitativo em que foram incluídos adultos jovens de ambos os sexos e excluídos indivíduos com distúrbios neurológicos, musculoesqueléticos e grávidas. Avaliou-se a infiltração de gordura nos multífidos e a área de secção transversa por meio de ressonância magnética; a composição corporal por meio de Absorciometria com raios-X de Dupla Energia (DXA) e o nível de atividade física através do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). A amostra foi dividida por sexo e feita sua respectiva caracterização, correlação de Pearson e Spearman e regressão linear stepwise. Foi adotado o valor de p<0,05, nível de significância de 5% e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: Foram avaliados 32 indivíduos (59,37% mulheres; 40,63% homens). Houve correlação entre o percentual de gordura e a área de secção transversa total (ASTtotal) (r=0,525; p=0,021), nas mulheres, e com a massa magra abdominal (r= −0,648; p=0,017) e Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) (r= −0,644; p=0,018) nos homens. E associação, nas mulheres, entre o percentual de gordura e a área de secção transversa (R2=0,275; p=0,021; IC=0,364 − 3,925) e, nos homens, com a massa magra abdominal (R2=0,420; p=0,017; IC: −9,981- [-1,235]). Conclusão: Encontrou-se correlação entre o percentual de gordura nos multífidos e a AST, nas mulheres, e com a massa magra abdominal e IMC para os homens, além da associação entre o percentual de gordura e a área de secção transversa, para as mulheres, e com a massa magra abdominal para os homens. Entretanto, não foi evidenciada nenhuma correlação com dor e disfunções na coluna lombar. Nível de evidência I; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción: El aumento de la grasa corporal es un proceso natural y progresivo con la edad, propiciando la infiltración de grasa en lugares ectópicos, como, por ejemplo, en la musculatura esquelética, lo que perjudica su función. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la composición corporal y la infiltración de grasa en los músculos multífidos lumbares y el historial de dolores lumbares. Métodos: Estudio transversal y cuantitativo en el que fueron incluidos adultos jóvenes de ambos sexos, y excluidos individuos con disturbios neurológicos, musculoesqueléticos y gestantes. Se evaluó la infiltración de grasa en los multífidos y el área de sección transversa por medio de resonancia magnética; la composición corporal por medio de Absorciometría con rayos X de Doble Energía (DXA) y el nivel de actividad física a través del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ). La muestra fue dividida por sexo y fue hecha su respectiva caracterización, correlación de Pearson y Spearman y regresión lineal stepwise. Fue adoptado el valor de p <0,05, nivel de significancia de 5% e intervalo de confianza de 95%. Resultados: Se evaluaron 32 individuos (59,37% mujeres, 40,63% hombres). Hubo correlación entre el porcentaje de grasa y el área de sección transversa (ASTtotal) (r = 0,525, p = 0,021), en las mujeres, y con la masa magra abdominal (r = −0,648, p = 0,017) e Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) (r = −0,644, p = 0,018) en los hombres, y asociación, en las mujeres, entre el porcentaje de grasa y el área de sección transversa (R2 = 0,275; p = 0,021; IC = 0,364 − 3,925) y, en los hombres, con la masa magra abdominal (R2 = 0,420; p = 0,017; IC: −9,981- [-1,235]). Conclusión: Se encontró correlación entre el porcentaje de grasa en los multífidos y la AST, en las mujeres, y masa magra abdominal e IMC para los hombres, además de la asociación entre el porcentaje de grasa y el área de sección transversa, para las mujeres, y con la masa magra abdominal para los hombres. Entretanto, no fue evidenciada ninguna correlación con dolor y disfunciones en la columna lumbar. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.